KOH活化法制备沙柳枝木活性炭的研究

活性炭是一种疏松多孔的碳单质,具有吸附作用,已在诸多领域广泛应用,例如,食品加工、军事化学防护、环境保护等。针对沙柳枝木的利用现状,选取KOH为活化剂并且采用微波法制备沙柳枝木活性炭,研究了活化剂辐射时间、质量浓度、液料比、辐射功率、浸渍时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响,通过对单因素试验结果的正交优化,得出活性炭制备的最佳方法如下：KOH活化法制备沙柳枝木活性炭的最佳工艺条件为：液料比4:1、浸渍时间18 h、辐照功率560 W、辐照时间20 min,该工艺条件下所制备的活性炭成品碘吸附值为1011.01 mg/g,达到了GB/T 13803.2—1999中一级品标准。     

颗粒状秸秆物料流动特性试验

以华北地区8种农作物秸秆为研究对象,通过颗粒状秸秆静态堆积角、压缩率、均匀度、抹刀角4个指标测试,采用Carr指数法及内摩擦角评价分析了各种颗粒状秸秆物料的流动特性。结果表明,通过Carr指数法得分可以反映颗粒状秸秆流动性的变化规律,得分越高,流动性越好;8种秸秆分为易于流动(如玉米芯)、一般流动(如玉米秸秆)、不易流动(如豆秸)3类,该结果与采用内摩擦角评价原料的流动特性基本一致。     

Induction,purification and partial characterization of vitellogenin in an Indian major carp Catla catla (Ham.)

Vitellogenin was purified from the serum of 17‐β estradiol (E₂)‐induced juvenile Catla catla using a simple two‐step purification procedure i.e. selective chemical precipitation followed by gel filtration chromatography. Purified protein migrated as single band in a native gradient PAGE which indicated the purity of the sample. The molecular weight of the native catla vitellogenin (~440 kDa) was determined using gel filtration chromatography. In SDS‐PAGE under reducing conditions catla vitellogenin dissociated into three major sub units at 115 kDa, 102 kDa and 73 kDa along with a few faint bands. Confirmation of purified protein as catla vitellogenin was supported by multiple physiological evidences, e.g. absence in male as well as juvenile sera and presence in matured female fish, ability to be synthesized upon estradiol injection in immature fish and certain unique biochemical properties like high molecular weight, phospholipoglycoprotein nature of the molecule. Western blot analysis showed that polyclonal antibody raised against purified protein detected vitellogenin in the sera of catla and in a few species selected from Cyprinidae family. These antisera were used to detect vitellogenin in liver tissue of hormone‐induced catla using immunohistochemistry and its applicability in other immunoassays is discussed.     

Isolation and Characterization of Pepsin-Soluble Collagen from the Skin of Peru Squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) was isolated from Peru squid (Dosidicus gigas) skin and physicochemical properties of the PSC were determined. The PSC exhibited a maximum absorbance at 220 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested the collagen containing α1 and α2 chain was classified as type I collagen. Amino acid composition indicated that the collagen had lower amino acid content than that of mammalian collagen. Denaturation temperature (T_d) of the PSC was 26.8°C. The PSC had relatively high solubility in alkaline condition or NaCl concentrations below 2%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy investigations showed the existence of helical arrangements of collagen. The lyophilized collagen had a uniform and regular network structure. These results suggested that Peru squid skin was a potential source of collagen for further research and application.     

果梅PmKNAT2基因全长cDNA克隆及表达分析

【目的】从‘大嵌蒂’果梅中克隆PmKNAT2,并对其结构特征及表达模式进行分析,为研究果梅雌蕊败育的分子机理和分子育种奠定基础。【方法】在NCBI中查找与果梅相似性很高的桃KNOPE2（KNAT2的同源基因）序列（EF093491）,根据桃的KNOPE2序列设计特异引物;采用改良CTAB法提取‘大嵌蒂’果梅花芽总RNA;通过RT-PCR和RACE技术获得基因cDNA序列全长;使用DNAMAN软件进行序列拼接;利用NCBI数据库中的BLASTn和BLASTp程序进行相似性分析;通过生物信息学方法分析结构特征;用DNAMAN软件分析基因的ORF和氨基酸序列;MEGA4.0软件进行系统进化树的构建;利用Bioxm2.6推测分析蛋白分子量和等电点;根据NCBI中Conserved Domains程序进行蛋白质保守域结构预测;用ExPaSy提供的在线SOPMA程序进行蛋白质二级结构预测;构建PJIT166-PmKNAT2-GFP的融合亚细胞定位表达载体,采用基因枪法转化洋葱表皮细胞,经暗培养后在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察;利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR研究其表达模式,分析其在‘大嵌蒂’花芽发育不同时期、不同器官中的表达特性。【结果】在‘大嵌蒂’果梅中获得一个KNAT2的同源基因,命名为PmKNAT2,其cDNA全长为1 402 bp,5'UTR 47 bp,3'UTR 293 bp,编码区全长为1 062 bp,编码353个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为40.41 kD,理论等电点为4.85。蛋白结构分析表明该基因编码的氨基酸具有2个结构域,MEINOX结构域（KNOXⅠ和KNOXⅡ 2个亚结构域）和HD（homomeodomain）结构域,属于KNOX蛋白;相似性分析发现该基因与GenBank中其它来源的KNOX蛋白序列的相似性为50%-100%;系统进化树分析显示果梅PmKNAT2与桃KNOX聚为一类,表明与其亲缘关系最近。二级结构预测结果表明PmKNAT2所编码蛋白由47.14%的α-螺旋（Alpha helix）、3.43%的β-转角（Beta turn）、3.14的β-折叠（Extended strand ）和46.29%的随机卷曲（Random coil）组成。亚细胞定位结果显示该基因编码的蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞膜中。实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,在‘大嵌蒂’果梅不同时期花芽中PmKNAT2的表达量存在一定差异,PmKNAT2在11月份的表达量最高,9月、10月和11月的表达量差异不明显,但与12月和1月花芽中的表达量差异明显;生长素在1月份含量最高,9、10、11月份差异不明显,其含量变化趋势与PmKNAT2表达趋势相反。对该基因表达量最高的11月份的花芽进行实时荧光定量分析发现：PmKNAT2在各种花芽中均有表达,在不完全花（雌蕊褐色、雌蕊畸形和无雌蕊）中的表达量高于完全花（雌蕊正常）。进一步分析PmKNAT2在完全花与不完全花的不同花器官中的表达量,结果表明PmKNAT2在完全花与不完全花的各部位的表达量趋势相似均为：萼片>雄蕊>花瓣,在完全花雌蕊中的表达量最低。【结论】推测PmKNAT2在雌蕊发育阶段的异常表达可能与‘大嵌蒂’果梅雌蕊败育有关。     

卵巢表皮上皮的生物学特性及其细胞培养

将近90%以上的恶性卵巢癌发生于覆盖在卵巢表面的单层上皮细胞——卵巢表皮上皮(ovarian surface epithelium,OSE),将其称之为卵巢表皮癌。由于先前研究人员未找到合适的动物模型,卵巢表皮上皮细胞的培养方法在近期才得以确立。作者旨在于总结卵巢表皮上皮的生物学特性及其细胞培养方法和不同物种间卵巢表皮上皮特性的变化。     

松毛虫肠道产蛋白酶菌株的筛选鉴定及培养条件研究

为了获得产蛋白酶能力高的细菌资源。采用酪蛋白平板法从松毛虫肠道中分离筛选得到16株产蛋白酶的菌株。通过比较透明圈大小和测定发酵后酶活力,筛选出一株产酶能力较高的菌株2N01。根据序列比对结果,构建关于2N01的系统发育树,将其鉴定为Enterobacter hormaechei。研究培养条件对该菌株生长的影响,确定2N01产酶培养的最适温度是40℃,最适pH 8.0,培养72 h左右出现产酶峰值,酶活力达50.07 U/mL。通过研究表明,菌株2N01是产蛋白酶的较好材料,具有一定的应用前景。     

棘孢木霉几丁质酶基因的原核表达、复性、纯化以及酶学性质研究

为高效表达几丁质酶基因tachi1,研究Tachi1的酶学性质。采用PCR技术从棘孢木霉中克隆了几丁质酶基因tachi1并与pEHisTEV原核表达载体融合,转化大肠杆菌BL21。经异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,获得了以包涵体形式高效表达的Tachi1。包涵体经洗涤、溶解、复性和纯化后获得了高纯度的Tachi1。复性后的Tachi1具有较高的几丁质酶活性,该几丁质酶反应的最适温度为50℃,最适pH 5.5。几丁质酶在30~35℃下稳定,在pH 3~7之间几丁质酶有较高活性。     

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 from extensive cattle of the fighting bulls breed

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 represents a major public health concern worldwide, with cattle recognized as their main natural reservoir. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence and the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC O157:H7 in a herd with 268 cattle of the fighting bulls breed (De Lidia breed) managed under extensive conditions in the South-West of Spain. Rectal-anal swabs of all animals were collected and examined for STEC O157:H7 by performing an immunomagnetic concentration and separation procedure combined with PCR, and the resulting isolates were characterized by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Overall, STEC O157:H7 was isolated from seven animals (2.6%) in the herd. The PCR procedure indicated that all seven isolates displayed stx₂, eae-γ1, ehxA, O157 rfbE, and fliCh7 genes. They belonged to phage types 4 (one isolate) and 42 (two isolates), and four isolates reacted with typing phages but did not conform to a recognized pattern. Among the seven isolates there were five indistinguishable PFGE patterns and other two which differed only in ?2 restriction fragments, supporting the existence of horizontal transmission among animals in the herd. The present study demonstrates that cattle managed under extensive conditions in Spain can excrete STEC O157:H7 with their faeces. To our knowledge this is the first isolation of this pathogen from De Lidia cattle.